Suchergebnisse

Muchos actores están involucrados en la implementación de la idea de comunidad jurídica, entre ellos, los parlamentos nacionales, administraciones y tribunales internos que son responsables de la puesta en práctica del Derecho de la Unión Europea. En este estudio se aborda la labor del Tribunal Constitucional Federal Alemán en el desarrollo de la integración europea considerando diez impulsos centrales. Además, para finalizar, se aportarán algunas reflexiones realistas sobre las limitaciones del derecho en la solución de vicisitudes en el marco de la Unión Europea.Many stakeholders are involved in implementing the idea of legal community, including national parliaments, administrations and courts, which for their part are responsible for the implementation of European law. This study addresses the work of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the development of European integration by considering ten central impulses. In addition, to conclude, some realistic reflections on the limitations of the law in the solution of vicissitudes in the framework of the European Union will be provided.

Das Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG), der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) und der Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (EuGH) sind mit unterschiedlichen, funktional aber vergleichbaren Aufgaben im europäischen Mehrebenensystem betraut. Sie wirken insofern auch nicht gegeneinander, sondern im Rahmen eines europäischen Verfassungsgerichtsverbundes. Mit diesem Begriff umschreibt der Beitrag die vielfältigen Techniken des Zusammenspiels der genannten Gerichte und vermeidet damit starre Festlegungen wie Gleichordnung oder Überordnung und Unterordnung. Die rechtlichen Grundlagen für eine so verstandene Kooperation finden sich in den Prinzipien der Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit und auch in der Europarechtsfreundlichkeit des Grundgesetzes, - die im Lissabon-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgericht betont herausgearbeitet wird. Zum anderen wird das europäische Recht durch die Rezeption nationaler Rechtsprinzipien geprägt, wobei aus deutscher Sicht vor allem der Grundrechtsschutz zu nennen ist. So hat sich die Individualbeschwerde zum EGMR inzwischen zu einem die Verfassungsbeschwerde ergänzenden Rechtsschutz entwickelt. Bedeutsam ist ferner, dass der Vertrag von Lissabon die Wahrung der nationalen Identität der Mitgliedstaaten ausdrücklich zu einem Verfassungsprinzip der EU erklärt hat. Vor diesem Hintergrund erweist sich auch das im Lissabon-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts neu eingeführte Maßstab der Identitätskontrolle, mit dem die äußersten Grenzen der europäischen Integration überwacht werden sollen, als eine Ausprägung des Verbundes zwischen BVerfG und EuGH. ; The German Federal Constitutional Court, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ) are vested with different, albeit functionally comparable, tasks in the European multilevel system. They do not operate opposing each other but in a framework of multilevel cooperation of the constitutional courts, the Europäische Verfassungsgerichtsverbund. This term is used here to describe the numerous techniques of cooperation between the three courts, avoiding rigorous conceptions such as "equal footing" or "supremacy" to denote the relationship between the courts. The legal foundations for such cooperation can be found in two German constitutional law principles: openness to international law (Grundsatz der Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit) and openness to European law (Grundsatz der Europarechtsfreundlichkeit), the latter principle developed distinctly in the Lisbon judgement of the Federal Constitutional Court. The cooperative foundations can also be noticed from the impact of national legal principles on European law, in particular concerning the protection of individual rights. For example, the individual complaint to the ECHR serves as a supplementary layer of the protection of human rights in addition to the national constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court. Furthermore, the Treaty of Lisbon explicitly recognises that the national identity of the Member States is to be protected—this already is a constitutional principle of the European Union. With this as background, it may well be argued that the constitutional yardstick of "identity control"—which the Federal Constitutional Court introduced in its Lisbon Treaty judgement to identify the ultimate limits of European integration—is also an integral element of the multilevel cooperation system that obtains between the Federal Constitutional Court and the ECJ.

"Constitutional change" brings to mind such central themes as the relationship of the federal constitutional court to the legislators, the methodology of constitutional interpretation, the admissibility of common law & unwritten constitutional law, & the limits of constitutional modification. Yet the function of constitutional change in text books & commentary literature is remarkably weak & begs the question of whether reliable instruction exists that goes beyond the association of existing special discourse, & for what specific purposes it might be used. The term "constitutional change" is clarified to distinguish the formal textual changes from the normative changes, & the concrete value & serviceability of sociological-empirical, methodological, dogmatic, & heuristic perspectives are examined. It is clear that an independent & reliable German science on constitutional change does not exist, & that such terminology should be sparingly employed. L. Kehl

The author questions (1) whether Germany is a "service state" & (2) the usefulness of the "state ideal" concept. Noting the linguistic transformation of cities into companies, states into service centers, & citizens into "customers," & the plurality of state ideals -- environmental, international, cooperative, tax -- when "state" should encompass them all, the author seeks to identify their meaning, especially when each is accompanied by economic activity & trends. What follows is a linguistic, cultural, & political analysis of not only the concept of individual state ideals, but other similar terms such as state type & the loss of meaning of "state." The author then examines the symbols & functionality of state ideals, which while variable contingent on context, always reduce complexity & serve as a framework for analysis. The author then explores their usability & efficiency within the example of a "service state." A discussion of goods vs services & New Public Management reform trends in the US, Europe, & Germany follows. The author concludes that the state accomplishes many things, & serves the citizen, but is not a service state. Though advantageous in some contexts, as the basis for developing a model for the future, it should be abandoned. 157 References. C. Houle